{"id":1677,"date":"2020-06-03T16:05:39","date_gmt":"2020-06-03T16:05:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.inthedays.com\/?p=1677"},"modified":"2020-06-03T16:55:16","modified_gmt":"2020-06-03T16:55:16","slug":"dna-analysis-of-dead-sea-scrolls-unveils-their-once-secret-origin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.inthedays.com\/?p=1677","title":{"rendered":"DNA ANALYSIS OF DEAD SEA SCROLLS UNVEILS THEIR ONCE SECRET ORIGIN"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Knowledge Increased<\/div>\n
\"But thou, O Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, even to the time of the end: many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be \n\n
increased STONG\u2019S NUMBER:7235 <\/font>rabah, raw-baw\u00b4; a primitive root; to increase (in whatever respect):\u2014(bring in) abundance (x -antly), + archer (by mistake for 7232), be in authority, bring up, x continue, enlarge, excel, exceeding(-ly), be full of, (be, make) great(-er, -ly, x -ness), grow up, heap, increase, be long, (be, give, have, make, use) many (a time), (any, be, give, give the, have) more (in number), (ask, be, be so, gather, over, take, yield) much (greater, more), (make to) multiply, nourish, plenty(-eous), x process (of time), sore, store, thoroughly, very<\/span><\/div>.\"\n\n \u2014 Daniel 12:4 <\/blockquote><\/div>\n
Israel in the Last Days \u2014 Ensign<\/div>\n
\" And he shall set up an\n
ensign Strongs 5251: <\/font> nace; from 5264; a flag; also a sail; by implication, a flagstaff; generally a signal; figuratively, a token:\u2014banner, pole, sail, (en-)sign, standard.<\/span><\/div> for the nations, and shall assemble the outcasts of Israel, and gather together the dispersed of Judah from the four corners of the earth. \n \u2014 Isaiah 11:12<\/blockquote><\/div>\n
\"And he will lift up an \n
ensign Strongs 5251: <\/font> nace; from 5264; a flag; also a sail; by implication, a flagstaff; generally a signal; figuratively, a token:\u2014banner, pole, sail, (en-)sign, standard.<\/span><\/div> to the nations from far, and will \n
hiss Strongs 8319: <\/font> sharaq, shaw-rak\u00b4; a primitive root; properly, to be shrill, i.e. to whistle or hiss (as a call or in scorn):\u2014hiss.\n<\/span><\/div> unto them from the end of the earth: and, behold, they shall come with speed swiftly: \n \u2014 Isaiah 5:26 <\/blockquote><\/strong><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Article Source: Jerusalem Post<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

At least some of the Dead Sea Scrolls were most likely not manufactured locally but made their way at some later point to the unique community that amassed the library in the Qumran Caves, a project extracting and analyzing the DNA from the parchments has revealed. For decades, scholars have been debating the origin of the extraordinary collection of hundreds of manuscripts collated in the heart of the Judean Desert. The seven-year-long endeavor carried out on about 35 fragments has\u00a0opened new horizons into a possible solution to the mystery, as well as many other enigmas \u2013 including how to piece together fragments that might have belonged to the same scroll.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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The idea of the project emerged by chance when Prof. Oded Rechavi, a geneticist from Tel Aviv University\u2019s George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, and Prof. Noam Mizrahi of TAU\u2019s Department of Biblical Studies sat together at dinner during a retreat for new members of the faculty and started discussing how two distant fields could work together.\u201cWe came up with the idea of using the genetic information of the skin they were written on to investigate the possible connection between different fragments,\u201d Rechavi told\u00a0The Jerusalem Post<\/em>. In years that have seen the field of ancient DNA booming, that first conversation became major international cooperation that came to involve the Israel Antiquities Authority, Uppsala University in Sweden and Weill Cornell Medicine in New York \u2013 and whose findings were published as the cover story of the journal Cell on Tuesday. The first challenge that the researchers had to face was the actual extraction of the DNA from the scrolls.\u201cIt was not entirely clear to us that doing it was at all possible: the process of turning skin into parchment, as well as 2,000-year-long aging, damage the DNA significantly,\u201d Rechavi said. \u201cMoreover, we could not just take a fragment and chop it apart.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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As explained to the Post by Pnina Shor, founder of the IAA\u00a0Dead Sea Scrolls\u00a0Unit, which is in charge of preserving the artifacts, no attempt to extract the DNA from the parchment had been done in the past two decades precisely to avoid its potential destructiveness.<\/strong>
However, this time the team felt that the process could be carried out, by finding the right balance between protecting the scrolls for posterity and allowing scholars to open a new and rich field of study. The activity of sampling the manuscripts to provide the geneticists with the material to analyze was tasked to the team\u2019s conservators, the only ones who are allowed to touch them.\u201cWe had to be very careful, but between the first fragment we sampled and the last one, we realized that we could also just scrape the back of the scroll and it would give us enough material to be analyzed, so either we did that or we cut a minute piece of the parchment,\u201d Shor explained. ANOTHER CHALLENGE was represented by the fact that over the course of the centuries, the scrolls had been contaminated by different animals, bacteria, and humans who handled them in antiquity as well as in recent years.\u201cWe had to filter out all those residuals using computational tools and algorithms,\u201d Rechavi explained. Once the major challenges were overcome though, the findings of the analysis of the very limited amount of scrolls \u2013 chosen because of their significance vis-\u00e0-vis issues that scholars had been grappling with for decades \u2013 have proven extraordinary. Almost all the fragments analyzed turned out to be made out of sheepskins, a species compatible with the desert environment, yet the parchment of two fragments was identified as cowhide, which represented one of the most crucial results of the project.\u201cCattle breeding in principle is not possible in the desert, as cows require a lot of grass and water \u2013 therefore most likely those parchments were not produced locally but brought from outside,\u201d Bible scholar Mizrahi said. \u201cThis is very important because there is a long-standing debate among scholars about the provenance of the Dead Sea Scrolls and which ones might be reflective of the very peculiar world of the extremist Jewish sect that probably resided in Qumran, and which ones were brought from the outside and potentially reflect the broader Jewish society of the period.\u201dMoreover, one of the two fragments written on cowhide, featuring some text from the biblical book of Jeremiah, was previously believed by many experts to be part of the same scroll of another two fragments from the same book. However, the research proved that this was not possible, as the parchment was different. The researchers did not stop at the animal species: they were able to ascertain more than whether two fragments were made of parchment manufactured from the same animal or from genetically related animals.\u201cThis allowed us to cluster together with some scroll pieces and to separate others,\u201d Rechavi said.\u201cWe can now compare this classification with others proposed in the past on the basis of philological evidence,\u201d Mizrahi added. Among the fragments analyzed was a scroll uncovered in Masada featuring the Song of the Sabbath Sacrifice, considered very connected to the Qumran community. The artifact confirmed one of the pillars of the theory that refugees from Qumran made their way to Masada after its destruction by the Romans in 68 CE. However, that parchment was created using the skin of a sheep that seems genetically unrelated to the ones used for the Qumran copies examined, suggesting that the scroll was actually not originally from there.\u201cAnother aspect is that if the text in Masada was not from Qumran it was probably brought there from elsewhere, hence the song was known beyond Qumran in Second Temple Jewish society,\u201d Mizrahi said. \u201cThis might represent the missing link between this text and later mystical traditions bearing some similarities. We might have here one of the roots of Western mysticism.\u201dIN OTHER areas, the DNA analysis supported theories proposed in the past. It confirmed that most fragments classified under what is known as \u201cQumran Scribal Practice,\u201d a philological classification to distinguish between manuscripts considered specific to the Qumran community from general Jewish manuscripts, were written on the skin of genetically related sheep. In the future, the team aims to analyze more fragments, but also to understand more about the genetics of the species used to produce the parchment in ancient Israel, for example, by extracting from contemporary animal bones.\u201cAs time passed we understood the challenges better, including the computational ones,\u201d Rechavi explained. \u201cWe hope we will proceed faster now.\u201dWith about 25,000 fragments still waiting, many enigmas are still to be solved, including the largest of all: who wrote and assembled those unique manuscripts, which 2,000 years later have offered the world the rarest glimpse into the ancient Jewish world before the exile?<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u201cWe came up with the idea of using the genetic information of the skin they were written on to investigate the possible connection between different fragments.”<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1688,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1677","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-israel","category-knowledge-increased","pmpro-has-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inthedays.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1677","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inthedays.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inthedays.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inthedays.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inthedays.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1677"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.inthedays.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1677\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1696,"href":"https:\/\/www.inthedays.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1677\/revisions\/1696"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inthedays.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1688"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.inthedays.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1677"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inthedays.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1677"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.inthedays.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1677"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}